FIV & FeLV: The Two Major Viral Infections in Cats
FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus) and FeLV (feline leukemia virus) are serious viral infections. Learn about testing, management, and prevention.
FIV and FeLV are two of the most significant viral infections in cats. Both suppress the immune system and can lead to serious secondary infections and cancers. While there's no cure for either, cats with FIV or FeLV can live long, comfortable lives with proper management. Testing and prevention are key.
Key Points
- FIV spreads mainly through bite wounds; FeLV through close contact
- Both viruses weaken the immune system
- Cats can live for years with FIV or FeLV with proper care
- Testing is essential for all cats, especially strays and outdoor cats
- A vaccine exists for FeLV but not FIV
- Keeping infected cats indoors prevents spread to other cats
FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus)
FIV is similar to HIV in humans but species-specific — it cannot spread to people. It's primarily transmitted through deep bite wounds, so outdoor male cats that fight are at highest risk. Infected cats may appear healthy for years before developing immune suppression. Signs include chronic infections (especially of the mouth, skin, and bladder), weight loss, and poor coat condition.
FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus)
FeLV is transmitted through close contact — mutual grooming, shared food bowls, and from mother to kittens. It can cause anemia, lymphoma (cancer), and immune suppression. Some cats clear the virus naturally; others become persistently infected. FeLV-positive cats are susceptible to many secondary infections and often have shortened lifespans.
Testing and Diagnosis
A simple blood test (SNAP test) can detect both FIV and FeLV. All newly adopted cats, stray cats, and cats with unknown history should be tested. Positive results should be confirmed with additional testing. Kittens may test positive for FIV antibodies from their mother (which fade by 6 months), so retesting is recommended.
Living With FIV or FeLV
Keep infected cats indoors to prevent spreading the virus and to protect them from infections. Provide excellent nutrition, regular vet checkups (at least twice yearly), and prompt treatment for any illness. Vaccinate against other diseases. Keep the environment stress-free. With good care, many FIV-positive cats live normal lifespans. FeLV-positive cats may have shorter lives but can still enjoy good quality of life.
When to See a Vet Immediately
- You've adopted a cat with unknown history
- Chronic or recurring infections
- Weight loss or poor coat condition
- Pale gums (possible anemia from FeLV)
- Swollen lymph nodes
- You want to start preventive vaccination for FeLV
How RVC Can Help
RVC offers FIV/FeLV testing, FeLV vaccination, and management plans for infected cats. We can help your cat live a long, comfortable life. Call +853 6677 6611.
This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional veterinary advice. If your pet is showing any symptoms, please contact Royal Veterinary Center immediately at +853 6677 6611.