Leptospirosis in Dogs: A Serious Bacterial Infection
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease spread through contaminated water and urine. It can cause kidney and liver failure in dogs.
Leptospirosis is a serious bacterial infection caused by Leptospira bacteria. It's spread through contact with contaminated water, soil, or the urine of infected animals (especially rats). In Macau's warm, wet climate, leptospirosis is a significant concern. It can cause severe kidney and liver damage, and it can also spread to humans.
Key Points
- Spread through contaminated water, soil, and animal urine
- Rats are the main carriers — dogs get infected in rat-prone areas
- Can cause kidney failure and liver disease
- It's zoonotic — humans can catch it from infected pets
- Vaccination is available and recommended in Macau
- Early treatment with antibiotics improves outcomes
How Dogs Get Infected
Leptospira bacteria are shed in the urine of infected animals (especially rats, but also dogs, cattle, and wildlife). Dogs become infected by swimming in or drinking contaminated water, walking on contaminated soil, or contact with rat urine. Warm, wet climates like Macau's provide ideal conditions for the bacteria to survive.
Signs and Diagnosis
Early signs include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, increased thirst and urination, vomiting, and diarrhea. As the disease progresses: jaundice (yellow gums and eyes), kidney failure (reduced urination), liver damage, and bleeding disorders. Diagnosis requires blood tests (including PCR and antibody titers). Kidney and liver values are typically elevated.
Treatment
Early treatment with antibiotics (doxycycline is the drug of choice) is critical. Supportive care includes IV fluids for kidney support, anti-nausea medication, and liver protectants. Severe cases may need dialysis. Even with treatment, some dogs develop chronic kidney disease. Treatment must also address the zoonotic risk — owners should avoid contact with their dog's urine during treatment.
Prevention
The leptospirosis vaccine is available and recommended for all dogs in Macau, especially those with access to puddles, rivers, or areas with rats. The vaccine requires an initial series of two doses, then annual boosters. Reduce exposure by preventing your dog from drinking from puddles or stagnant water, and controlling rats around your property.
When to See a Vet Immediately
- Fever and lethargy after swimming in natural water
- Increased thirst and urination
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Yellow gums or eyes (jaundice)
- Reduced urination or no urination
- Your dog has been in rat-prone areas
How RVC Can Help
RVC offers leptospirosis vaccination, rapid in-house testing, and treatment. We recommend the lepto vaccine for all dogs in Macau. Call +853 6677 6611.
This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional veterinary advice. If your pet is showing any symptoms, please contact Royal Veterinary Center immediately at +853 6677 6611.